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| Performance Optimisation of fixed bed processes |
C E D Ouwerkerk, E S Bratland, A P Hagan, B L J P Kikkert, M C Zonnevylle, Shell Global Solutions. |
1999 / Q2 |
An extensive range of hydroprocessing technologies has been developed through a combination of long-term R&D commitment and commercial experience. The result is compact reactor internals that maximise reactor volume use, and superior gas/liquid distribution and quench performance.
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| Raising mild hydrocracker profits without capital investment |
Savas Soydaner, Hafedh Al-Qassab, Gregory M Lilburne, Adrian Stander, Bahrain Petroleum Company. |
1999 / Q2 |
By systematically working on improvements to its operating methods, catalyst management and maintenance, a Middle East plant has increased unit converstion and profitability year-on-year with no capital investment. The authors describe how it was done.
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| Selective FCC naphtha desulphurisation. |
K L Riley, J L Kaufman, S Zaczepinski, Exxon
A R Gentry, Kellogg Brown & Root Inc
P H Desai, Akzo Nobel Chemicals Inc |
1999 / Q2 |
By combining specially designed catalyst and process technology, the SCANfining process selectively removes sulphur from FCC naphthas while preserving olefins, so avoiding undesirable octane loss and H2 consumption.
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| Coping with sulphur and water in naphtha isomerisation feeds. |
Maureen F Gilbert, Carlos O Mora, Anshumali, F Mike Flloyd, Kellogg Brown & Root Inc
Miguel Peez Pasqual CEPSA
Ernst Kohler, Sud Chemie AG |
1999 / Q2 |
An examination of the operational and economic benefits of an isomerisation process employing a superior water - and sulphur-tolerant catalyst - in particular, potential capital cost savings by eliminating feed and hydrogen drying and reducing feed desulphurisation.
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| Improved FCCU feed and catalyst contact. |
Sidney V Anderson, Saudi Aramco. |
1999 / Q2 |
A series of modifications to the FCC unit at Jeddah refinery, Saudi
Arabia, including an improved feed nozzle design, has resulted in
better product selectivity and unit profitability. Further
modifications are now under way.
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| Role of asphaltenes cracking in bottoms conversion. |
Toru Takatsuka, Shin-ichi Inoue, Yoshiaki Hori, Chiyoda Corporation. |
1999 / Q2 |
The main factor in choosing upgrading processes for bottoms crude
oil is often the refinery's current and anticipated product slate, say
the authors of this article, but the most important consideration
should be given to the part asphaltene cracking will play in the
particular crude.
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| The economics of integrating refining and petrochemicals. |
Ralph Ragsdale, Bechtel Corporation
Gary L Ewy, Ewy Services Plus |
1999 / Q2 |
Refining and petrochemical facilities in some countries are designed and constructed as separate entities, with no intention of integrating the plants. For future facilities, integration may be the preferred route.
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| Evidence of MDEA degradation in tail gas treating plants. |
James E Critchfield and James L Jenkins, Huntsman Corporation |
1999 / Q2 |
Despite the belief that MDEA does not degrade in gas treating service, a five year investigation indicates that it is subject to degradation in tail gas treating units - shown by the accumulation of fragments in process solutions. The authors present the results of analyses of over 500 process solution samples.
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| Sulphur recovery operations: a discussion forum |
Frank Bela, Bruce Kennedy, Bruce Scott, Lon Stern, Duke Tunnel, Ed Wagner, Mike Zacher, Amine Best Practices Group. |
1999 / Q2 |
Members of the Amine Best Practices Group (ABPG) offer their advice and experiences to questioners having problems with amine unit operations.
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| An exercise in large scale reactor replacement. |
Evert P Kleynhans, Zbigniew F Matyja, A Paulo De Gavino Dias, Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd |
1999 / Q2 |
The question was how best to design and fabricate - and then transport over 500km of roads - seven pressure vessels totalling 6600 tonnes, and finally erect them in a live operating plant.
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| Operational life improvements in modern hydroprocessing reactors. |
Leslie P Antalffy and Michael B Knowles, Fluor Daniel Inc
Takayasu Tahara, Japan Steel Works Ltd
Pran N Chaku, ABB Lummus Global Inc. |
1999 / Q2 |
This article outlines some of the major problems that can occur during the service life of hydroprocessing reactors resulting from existing manufacturing flaws and through the high temperature and pressure hydrogen environment.
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| Spent caustic treatment by wet air oxydation |
Tomonobu Uchida, Nippon Petrochemicals Co Ltd
Dinesh Udpa, Toyo USA
Masaaki Sakurai, Toyo Engineering Corporation |
1999 / Q2 |
The authors describe how the search for a safe process to treat spent caustic waste from ethylene plants has been tackled, and the benefits that resulted from designing two stand-alone wet air oxydation units at plants in the USA.
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| Human factors engineering in petrochemical projects: Part II |
Martin E J van Uden and Harrie J T Rensink, Shell Int. |
1999 / Q2 |
Among the subjects in this second article on the place of human factors in project planning, the project business is analaysed - discussing how ergonomic principles should be integrated - and the framework of a warranted quality system, including management monitoring tools and system auditing.
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