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| Increasing efficiency of a fluid catalytic cracking unit. |
Andrea Amoroso, Agip Petroli SpA |
1999 / Q3 |
A combination of improved feed atomisation via new elevated nozzles, control software and latest catalyst technology has resulted in increased feedrate, better gasoline yeields and enhancement of octane at Sannazzaro.
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| Maximising FCC propylene production |
Charles L Hemler and Lawrence L Upson, UOP |
1999 / Q3 |
To meet the world demand for light olefins, the authors present the case for designing a fluidised light olefin catalytic cracker. Its capabilities include a yield pattern producing large quantities of propylene, together with big C4 yields and a significant amount of aromatic gasoline.
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| Adsorption process for removal of nitrogen and sulphur. |
Robert L Irvine and Dominic M Varraveto, Blac, & Veatch Pritchard Inc. |
1999 / Q3 |
The Irvad process is claimed as a breakthrough for removing heteroatoms from liquid carbon streams up to 240'C endpoint, using a solid adsorbent to contact liquid countercurrently in a multi-stage, fluidised adsorber. The adsorbent is regenerated in a reactivator, using heated reactivation gas.
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| Upgrading gasoils by mild hydrocracking. |
Q Chen, Paul van den Oosterkamp, Simon Barendregt, Technip Benelux. |
1999 / Q3 |
MHUG - Medium-Pressure Hydro Upgrading - is a single stage mild hydrocracking process which uses two proprietory Ni-W catalysts. More than 40 units applying the catalysts have been built and operated successfully.
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| A proposal for an economic and environmental gasoline. |
Roberto Amadei, Refining Consultant. |
1999 / Q3 |
The author describes how adopting identified C6- and C7+ hydrocarbon concentrations in the reforming and isomerisation feeds can increase profits and transform gasoline into a new, more environmentally friendly grade.
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| Technologies to achieve 2000 diesel specifications. |
Joanne Langston, Lyondell-Citgo Refining Company (LCR)
Liz Allen and Dilip Dave, Criterion Catalyst Co Ltd |
1999 / Q3 |
A discussion of the options for modifying existing hydroprocessing units to cost effectively produce higher quality, restrictively specified diesel fuels that will meet the demands for reduced sulphur levels in the new millennium.
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| Hydrogen flux monitoring devices in wet H2S service. |
Michael S Cayard and Russell D Kane, InterCorr International Inc
Carlos J B Joia and Luiz A Correa, Petrobras/CENPES |
1999 / Q3 |
This article discusses a methodology for extending the use of
hydrogen flux monitoring equipment to assess quantitively the severity
of hydrogen charging and relate the response directly to the material's
resistance or susceptibility to wet H2S cracking.
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| Low cost process for refinery residue conversion. |
Hans Weiss and Jorg Schmalfeld, Lurgi Umwelt GmbH |
1999 / Q3 |
An outline of the technology of residue oil converstion, dealing with the mild coking of residue oils by the LR process. The authors also describe the process principle, its characteristics and a number of test results.
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| Revamping a crude converstion unit to VSS riser technology. |
Jorgen Pedersen, Statoil Mongstad |
1999 / Q3 |
An account of the problems encountered - and lessons learned - during a major upgrade of a reduced crude conversion unit, and the efforts of an alliance of specialists that finally brought about a successful revamp.
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| Improviing profitability of an FCC |
Richard J Higgins, Hans A Dirkse, Ron A van Wijk, Shell International Oil Products BV |
1999 / Q3 |
A review of the hardware modifications that can be applied to FCC units to increase their profitability. The authors also go through the planning and decision-making process for what to apply at a scheduled turnaround.
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| Keeping down the cost of revamp investment. |
Gary R Martin, Process Consulting Services Inc
Bryon E Cheatham, Fina Oil & Chemical |
1999 / Q3 |
A comparison of the standard versus practical approach to the revamping of a crude unit. In this article the focus is on optimising the use of existing equipment, changing the process flow scheme to minimise flash zone pressure and thereby maximising the yield.
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| Opportunities for optimising utilities in major refineries. |
Ian Dewar, MDC Technology |
1999 / Q3 |
The author deals with the nature of optimisation problems, along with an explanation of applications, such as performance monitoring and equipment selection, which are used to come up with a solution.
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| Achieving an accident-free turnaround. |
Jim Cripps, AMEC Process and Energy Ltd. |
1999 / Q3 |
The emphasis in the planning of a plant overhaul was that everybody should feel personally responsible for safety on the project: the result has been more than a million manhours without one serious accident.
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| Petrochemical building blocks from heavy oils. |
Warren S Letzsch, Stone & Webster Engineering. |
1999 / Q3 |
An outline of the progress made on some alternative processes for making propylene and other petrochemical building blocks from heavier feedstocks.
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| Catalysts for cost effective hydrogen production. |
Leif Storgaard and Hans Christian Nielsen, Haldor Topsoe A/S |
1999 / Q3 |
Processes now used in the new generation of hydrogen plants make a wide choice of catalysts necessary in order to meet the requirements of particular systems. This article describes the capabilities of some of these catalysts.
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| Performance of specialty amines in gas processing. |
Dieter Plaumann, Erik Stewart, Randy Kuroda, The Dow Chemical Company. |
1999 / Q3 |
A detailed description of successful gas treating applications carried out at three plants that had widely differing processing and treating requirements.
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