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| Residue hydroconversion processes - New options |
Bob Scheffer, Wim Rozema, K W Robschlager, Shell Global Solutions
F A Buhrman, Shell Netherlands Refinery, Pernis |
1998 / Q3 |
The Hycon process has been operated at Shell's Pernis refinery for more than six years, and a moving bed retrofit has been developed to revamp fixed bed LR-HDS units, enabling them to handle heavier, higher metal feeds and to attain a cycle length of two years or longer.
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| Two into one - a merger of neighbouring refineries |
Horst Gobel and Bernd Raabe, MiRO Mineraloelraffinerie Oberrhein GmbH |
1998 / Q3 |
It made economic sense to combine two adjacent German refineries, owned by OMW and ESSO, into one unified operation, particularly at a time of tight margins and changing market demands. The authors describe the decisions and engineering that went into the making of the MiRO, Karlsruhe, refinery.
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| An advance in fixed-bed alkylation technology |
Johanna H Jonsdottir and Peter Sogaard-Andersen, Haldor Topsoe A/S |
1998 / Q3 |
Fixed-Bed Alkylation (FBA) represents a new generation of alkylation technology, evolved from proven methods in use for many years. The process described here combines the benefits of a liquid catalyst system with the advantages of a fixed-bed reactor.
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| Design parameters for feed injectors |
Christopher S Grant, BP Oil International. |
1998 / Q3 |
FCC feed injector technology has advanced from being virtually a centrally mounted pipe stub at the base of the riser to an arrangement of complex radially mounted spray generators. The parameters that affect feed injector design are discussed in this article.
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| Development of residue hydrocracker project |
Kenneth G Tasker, James J Colyar, Lawrence I Wisdom, IFP North America Inc |
1998 / Q3 |
Tonen Corporation of Japan started-up its first residue hydrocracker, based on the H-Oil process, last year, after completing field construction of the 25000bpsd unit in a record 13 months. This article outlines the history of the project, from technology selection to startup.
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| Maximising distillate production from the FCC unit |
John Black, Jon Petrunia, Robert T Powell, KBC Advanced Technologies Inc |
1998 / Q3 |
In the heating oil season, many refiners switch from a gasoline to a distillate mode of operation of the FCC unit, to increase light cycle oil yield. There are various steps to maximise distillate production; some are discussed here.
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| Catalytic distillation to enhance gasoline quality: Part II |
R M Foley, K L Rock, A Bakshi, W Groten, G Gildert, D Weidert, T McGuirk, CDTech
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1998 / Q3 |
European regulations covering gasoline quality standards have moved on since Part I of this article appeared in the last issue. With further reductions in sulphur levels now likely, a comparison of catalytic distillation (CD) and conventional technology in benzene reduction is discussed.
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| Revamping crude units to increase capacity |
Kirtan Trivedi, Helmy Andrawis, Arif Habibullah, Parsons Energy & Chemicals Group Inc |
1998 / Q3 |
Existing crude/vacuum unit capacity can be increased by revamping heat transfer, distillation columns and other equipment, applying Process Integration concepts. The authors discuss new approaches to revamping crude columns, incorporating recent innovations in tray technologies.
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| Speeding up revamps with modern technology |
Richard Elliott, Kvaerner Process |
1998 / Q3 |
Greater emphasis on safety and environmental issues is obliging process plant operators to revamp existing equipment, but new technology can now be used to facilitate the process, save time and costs, and enhance safety of the plant.
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| Hydrocracker revamp for Grangemouth refinery |
Marco Giannelli, BP Oil Grangemouth Refinery
Nigel Unsworth and Dave North, Foster Wheeler Energy Ltd |
1998 / Q3 |
BP Oil's Grangemouth refinery has completed an extensive revamp of its hydrocracker and FCC, reducing production of fuel oil and upgrading to middle distillates to meet a growing market need. A case history of the project is given.
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| Troubleshooting vacuum unit revamps |
Scott W Golden, Process Consulting Services Inc |
1998 / Q3 |
While Vaccum unit revamps increase gasoil yield, management is pushing the intervals between turnarounds to four or five years. To meet the higher operating temperatures, vacuum unit process equipment must be designed for low residence time.
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| Wastewater treatment at Conoco refinery |
David E Smith, Hyder Consulting
Geoffrey Vickers, Conoco Ltd, Humber Refinery |
1998 / Q3 |
A case study of new wastewater treatment facilities at Conoco's Humber refinery, in the UK, which has won two environmental awards. An integrated approach to the development of the scheme is described, including waste minimisation and pilot scale studies.
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| Improving para-xylene production economics |
Robert A Lentz, UOP LLC
Douglas S Hubbel, Raytheon Engineers & Constructors |
1998 / Q3 |
The authors describe how an alliance of three companies has brought together leading technologies from the para-xylene industry for the design, revamp or reconfiguration of para-xylene production facilities for increased profitability.
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| Human factors engineering projects: Part I |
Harrie J T Rensink and Martin E J van Uden, Shell Nederland Raffinaderij/Shell Nederland Chemie BV |
1998 / Q3 |
Integrating a human factors engineering strategy in the early phases of preparations for a new project has been shown to produce significant financial and work-related benefits, not least in reduced capital expenditure.
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