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| Improvements to increase fuel capacity and quality |
Christopher F Dean, Saudi Aramco Jay L Ross, Axens, IFP Group Technologies
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2002 / Q4 |
By using staged technology upgrades, fuels production at the Jiddah refinery in Saudi Arabia was expanded and quality improved, meeting market and regulatory criteria, at the same time mitigating capital constraints.
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| Catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide emissions |
Timothy J Dougan and J Robert Riley, Davison Catalysts
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2002 / Q4 |
An account of how interactions of unit-specific operating variables, combustion promoters and additives on high temperature fluegasees will affect environmental objectives. Novel catalytic additives can effectively reduce NOx emissions.
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| Operating an FCCU at multiple constraints |
Greg Tragitt and Gloria Chukman, KBC Advanced Technologies
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2002 / Q4 |
Integration of an FCCU operational model within a rigorous refinery-wide flow sheet, incorporating the use of software for process modelling, say the authors, enables refineries to increase profitability without the need for capital investment.
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| Delayed coker design and project execution |
Ram Malik and Gary L Hamilton, ABB Lummus Global Inc
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2002 / Q4 |
This article presents insights into the key considerations for residue upgrading and details some of the advances in technology, including online computer control and an innovative water management/coke recovery system.
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| Neural software to estimate vacuum residue quality |
Francesca Faranda and Alberto Servida University of Genoa Nicoletta Aloi Iplom Refinery
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2002 / Q4 |
Efficient implementation of control and optimisation systems depends on the online product quality index of residue from a vacuum unit operating in asphalt mode.
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| Global clean fuels and the Middle East |
Leslie P Antalffy, Claus-Peter Haelsig, George West, Fluor Daniel
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2002 / Q4 |
The Kyoto Protocol has been one of the drivers, together with mounting regulations and a variety of environmental issues, behind the efforts being made by refiners in the Middle East to develop more cost effective technology.
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| Flash drum options and systems |
Alan Goelzer and Alan Ganster, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc
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2002 / Q4 |
An explanation of the optimised interactions between flash drum and stripper in diesel HDS and light distillate hydrotreaters. The authors point out that selection of a flash drum option is an important element in revamps and new unit designs.
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| New options for flexible hydrocracking |
Han Chongren, Fang Xiangchen, Shao Jingchun, FRIPP/Sinopec
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2002 / Q4 |
Refiners in China are having to tackle problems on two fronts: a growing demand for gasoline and diesel in an expanding national economy, against a raft of new regulations. One answer has been the development of a new hydrotreatment.
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| Rigorous process simulation for troubleshooting |
C S L Narasimhan, Kaushik Basak, R P Verma, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd
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2002 / Q4 |
A case study demonstrating the operational improvements obtained in using rigorous process simulation for pointing out specific conversion problems in the second stage reactor of a refinery's hydrocracker unit.
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| System analysis of process burners |
Carol A Schnepper and Joseph D Smith, John Zink Company L David Wilson, Marathon Ashland Petroleum
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2002 / Q4 |
Modelling is now a vital tool in the designing of ultra-low NOx burners, together with advanced problem-solving techniques such as computational fluid dynamics for troubleshooting and solving potential problems in this equipment.
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| Finding new uses for old distillation equations |
Ralph H Weiland and Michael R Resetarits, Koch-Glitsch LP
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2002 / Q4 |
A review of the formulas for calculating hydraulic capacity, efficiency and other fractionation improvements from modern co-current flow trays. Four equations discussed here, developed half a century ago, are being applied to new situations
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| Why vacuum unit fired heaters coke |
Tony Barletta, Process Consulting Services Inc
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2002 / Q4 |
A description of the internal workings of vacuum heaters and the causes of coke formation within them. Case studies show how to avoid localised hot spots in order to maintain yield targets and increase run lengths.
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| Cutpoint modellisation in business models |
Hans Hartmann, Strategic Planning Consultant
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2002 / Q4 |
Application of rigorous models for control of a distillation unit against economic criteria and as distillation sub-modules in simulation or linear program formations for integrated supply chain optimisation.
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| Improving hydrogen plant performance: Part II |
P V Broadhurst and P E J Abbott, Synetix
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2002 / Q4 |
Optimisation of operating conditions requires an in-depth study of the hydrogen plant, say the authors. They consider the optimisation of catalyst and absorbent to maximise hydrogen output beyond the capabilities of operations strategies.
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| Choosing a selectiv hydrogenation system |
Ronald G McClung and Steve Novalany, Engelhard Corporation
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2002 / Q4 |
Data has shown the effectiveness of palladium catalyst for the removal of diolefins and acetylenes in steam cracking as well as catalytic cracking operations. In the interpretation of pilot plant test results, however, caution should be used.
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| Recovering energy and acid from hydrocarbons |
Olavo C Leite, Thermica Technologies
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2002 / Q4 |
How fully automated thermal oxidiser units containing energy and byproduct recovery systems are able to resolve operational concerns over organic wastes, and can be the most economic way to dispose of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues.
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