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| LCO upgrading at moderate to severe conditions |
Rene G Gonzalez, Editor, PTQ
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2008 / Q1 |
Several routes are available for processing LCO to diesel and gasoline, depending on economics and process objectives. For LCO upgrading, recent developments promote a two-stage process for separate hydrodesulphurisation and dearomatisation of thiophenic compounds.
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| Performance-minded, character-driven safety |
David G Lynn, Fluor
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2008 / Q1 |
Zero-incident techniques for excelling in health and safety performance involve commitment, involvement, analysis, prevention and training. The challenge is to translate these fundamental principles into action.
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| Minimising FCC slurry exchanger fouling |
David Hunt, Bill Minyard and Jeff Koebel, Grace Davison
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2008 / Q1 |
A case study shows when to expect reductions in slurry/FCC preheat exchanger duty from a variety of factors, including organic and inorganic-based fouling, asphaltene precipitation and atypical feedstock characteristics.
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| Designing FCCU internals |
Robert Giuricich and Anthony Schmitz, Emtrol LLC
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2008 / Q1 |
The proper evaluation for new FCCU cyclone equipment or the risk assessment can substantially impact profitability. The combination of assumed pressure, corrosion rates, mechanical loading and fluctuating temperature must be taken into account.
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| Canadian crude processing challenges |
Scott Golden, Process Consulting Services LLC
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2008 / Q1 |
Vacuum unit design influences liquid volume yields, run length, product yield and product quality when processing bitumen crude oils These crudes require special design considerations to maintain a reasonable run length without significant economic loss.
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| FCC regenerator design: part I |
Warren Letzsch and Chris R Santner, Shaw Stone & Webster
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2008 / Q1 |
To minimise catalyst deactivation, a regeneration system should be operated in counter-current flow with a superficial regenerator velocity that is well into the turbulent flow regime. Part II will explore factors in regenerator design that relate to emissions.
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| Coker naphtha hydrotreating |
Rasmus Breivik and Rasmus Egebjerg, Haldor Topsoe A/S
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2008 / Q1 |
Highly exothermic olefins saturation and silica contamination can occur when hydrotreating coker naphtha. Recent studies show how optimum process and catalyst technology can help find the best unit layout and operation conditions.
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| Chemical cleaning and degassing refinery equipment |
Berthold Otzisk, Kurita Europe GmbH
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2008 / Q1 |
The safe removal of volatile hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulphide gas and pyrophoric iron sulphide from refinery equipment before inspection is indispensable. A chemical cleaning programme reduces downtime and the need for mechanical cleaning.
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| Advanced propane dehydrogenation |
Max Heinritz-Adrian and Sascha Wenzel, Uhde GmbH Fekry Youssef, Egyptian Propylene & Polypropylene Company
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2008 / Q1 |
Oxdehydrogenation-based on-purpose propane dehydrogenation can close the propylene supply-demand gap. Reactor design and the effect of thermodynamic equilibrium on conversion, volume and require compression are discussed.
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| Ethylen furnace heat flux correlations |
Joseph Colannino, John Zink Company LLC
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2008 / Q1 |
Equations are presented that correlate and predict heat flux as a function of operating, burner and furnace parameters for all major ethylene-cracking furnace configurations. Similarity relations correlate heat flux with elevation or temperature in test and field units.
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| Optimising petrochemical operations |
John Philpot and Alan J McCartney, KBC Process Technology Ltd
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2008 / Q1 |
Substantial increases in profit can be achieved in refinery/aromatics operations using methodology and modelling tools that incorporate multiple degrees of freedom regarding operating conditions, feedstock quality, recylces and co-product dispositions.
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| Evaluating process profitability |
Joseph McMullen, Invensys Process Systems
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2008 / Q1 |
Case studies from the energy industry explain strategies for extending the benefits of simulation and modelling across the value chain. Benefits include the ability to make the decision-making process more efficient using an intuitive bidirectional interface.
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| Evaluating FCC flue gas emission-control technologies |
Martin Evans, Intercat Inc
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2008 / Q1 |
Comparing technologies for reducing FCCU flue gas emissions. Special emphasis is placed on selecting cost-effective solutions, particularly in the area of minimising SOx, NOx, CO and particulate emissions from operations in either full-burn or partial-burn mode.
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| Optimising refinery CO2 emissions |
Mike Stockle, Daniel Carter and Lucy Jones, Foster Wheeler Energy Limited
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2008 / Q1 |
Assessing the impact of changing emissions costs. Case studies of typical European refinery configurations show how the inclusion of CO2 LP-based modelling costs can change operations in the short term and impact configurations in the longer term.
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| Reducing ether and biodiesel productions costs |
Amarjit Bakshi, Refining Hydrocarbon Technologies LLC
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2008 / Q1 |
Advantages of ethers produced through wet ethanol and biodiesel through vegetable oils as esters of hydrogenated vegetable oil provide major advantages in blending and fuel properties and meet the renewable fuels requirements.
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