Retrofitting key technology elements in vintage FCC units can bring many of the economic benefits associated with the use of advanced technologies.  Commercial operating data demonstrate the yield benefits achieved with Lummus direct-couples cyclone and feed injection methods, plus fast payback.
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Feedstocks for catalytic steam reforming include a wide group of streams,  from natural gas to LPG, naphtha and refinery offgas.  Their uses call for ever greater quantitites of unsaturated compounds to be treated.  This article shows how feedstocks being steam reformed has solved the problem.
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Catalytically active sites for cracking are formed from hydrogen molecules, suggesting that when hydrogen is present in a reaction mixture it affects not only hydrogenation/dehydrogenation but also acid-catalysed cracking reaction.
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Steel tubing, piping, and vessels aluminised by the pack cementation process can give enhanced performance and service lifetimes through increased resistance to high-temperature sulphidation in a variety of hydrocarbon processing operations, claim the authors.
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A coker heater at Conoco's Humber refinery in the UK was limiting production.  Some of its tubes were coking up and there were frequent shutdowns for decoking, with loss of production.  An assessment of the causes was required.
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Increasingly, designers are using heat transfer enhancement at the conceptual design stages of a project to give themselves more flexibility, substantial cost savings and the prospect of much longer sustainable performance.
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The growing demand for polyvinylchloride (PVC) and its raw material vinychloride monomer (VCM) means expansion of capacity in the coming years.  New plants will need to have low capital and operating costs and be aware of environmental issues.
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