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| Computational fluid dynamics: understanding unit operations |
Derek A Colman, BP Amoco Chemicals |
1999 / Q4 |
An account of six cases in which CFD - computational fluid dynamics - was used not only to aid in understanding and solving existing process problems but also to assist in the design of new process operations.
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| Advances in a catalyst cooler technology |
Tiny Y Chan and Dalip S Soni, ABB Lummus Global Inc
Zhang Fuyi, Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Corporation/Sinopec |
1999 / Q4 |
New concepts have been brought to a well proven catalyst cooler technology. In this article reliability and flexibility of operation is assessed, and commercial experience of the technology in over 20 FCC units is discussed.
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| Thermal conversion in power integrated refinery schemes |
Frans A M Schrijvers, Peter J W M van den Bosch, Brugt A Douwes, Shell International Oil Products BV |
1999 / Q4 |
New and economically attractive options for an established technology like visbreaking are opening up as a result of the growing relationship between the industrial sectors of refining and electricity generation, say the authors.
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| Shell and tube heat exchanger applications |
Cecil C Gentry, Matthew C Gentry, Geoffrey E Scanlon, Phillips Petroleum Company |
1999 / Q4 |
Although they were originally designed to deal with tube vibration and the equipment failures that this could cause, the use of Rodbaffles has spread to a wide range of applications in the petrochemical and other industries.
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| Transient analysis of a utility steam system. |
Brian D Bumgarner, Scott Ray, Surajit Dasgupta, John R Cassata, Kellogg Brown & Root |
1999 / Q4 |
Dynamic simulation in the analysis of complex interactive systems has proved valuable in determining what effects variations in the dynamic characteristics of a package boiler would have on overall system performance.
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| Effective coke inhibition in pyrolysis furnaces |
S E Babash and T N Mukhina, VNIIOS Institute, Moscow |
1999 / Q4 |
Description of a technology with the potential for continuous operation of ethylene pyrolysis furnaces without periodic shutdown for coke removal. In this article the authors present their work in two parts: 1. Conceptual aspects of coke formation, and 2. Practical application in a Russian ethylene plant.
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1999 / Q4 |
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| Applying advanced process controls to fired heaters |
Lee E Turpin and William J Korchinski, Aspen Technology Inc |
1999 / Q4 |
Some of the key issues involved in automation of heater firing are highlighted in this article, which aims to help operators improve firebox management. Case studies are presented, along with common mistakes that cost money.
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| Multiple utilities optimisation to improve process economics. |
H K Shethna, H Singh, Y Makwana, F J L Castillo, Hyprotech Ltd
U V Shenoy, Indian Institute of Technology. |
1999 / Q4 |
An outline of the methodology for computing optimal load targets as an important factor in arriving at overall optimal cost targets when external utilities are needed to meet a process plant's heating and colling requirements.
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| Combustion science: a contradiction in terms? |
Barrie Jenkins and Mike Boothman, Fuel & Combustion Technology Int. Ltd and Conoco Ltd, Humber Refinery |
1996 / Q4 |
A coker heater at Conoco's Humber refinery in the UK was limiting production. Some of its tubes were coking up and there were frequent shutdowns for decoking, with loss of production. An assessment of the causes was required.
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| Heat exchange design to improve profits |
Tim Fox and Vishwas Wadekar, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Service (HTFS) |
1996 / Q4 |
Heat exchange design calculations can have a direct impact on company profits in today's technically demanding and margin-conscious downstream industries. The way to increase cost-effectiveness in thermal equipment sizing, say the authors, is a research-based approach to method development.
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| Heat transfer enhancement in solvent extraction plants |
Ian Gibbard and Doug Storey, Cal Gavin Process Intensification Engineering |
1996 / Q4 |
Increasingly, designers are using heat transfer enhancement at the conceptual design stages of a project to give themselves more flexibility, substantial cost savings and the prospect of much longer sustainable performance.
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| Electric heat tracing optimisation |
Mitch Todd, Dustry Brown, Gerald B Dixon, Nelson Heat Tracing Systems. |
1996 / Q4 |
Electrical heat tracing system costs range from $50 to over $325/metre of pipe, depending on pipe size design parameters. Heat tracing cable represents only about one third of total system cost. Heat tracing system costs can be minimised by prudent system design and product selection.
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| Design guidelines for heat transfer systems. |
LeRoy A Ashman, Petro-Canada Lubricants
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1997 / Q4 |
Proper design of heat transfer systems should be based on the suitability of the fluid application needs. This article describes, among other things, the fluid selection criteria that must be established before system design can begin.
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| Improving plant operations with heat transfer enhancement |
Ian Gibbard, Cal Gavin Process Intensification Engineering
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1997 / Q4 |
Application of enhancement techniques gives the process designer a systematic approach to the control and reduction of fouling, with the benefits of long onstream performance and improved economics.
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| Compact exchanger to reduce refinery fouling |
Doug Storey, Cal Gavin Process Intensification Engineering Rick Van der Ploeg, ABB Lummus Heat Transfer BV
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1997 / Q4 |
Two advanced heat transfer technologies have combined to deliver increased onstream performance in heavy fouling service, using a reduced number of shell and tube exchangers, in a Germany refinery.
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| A new shell-and-tube option for refineries |
H J van der Ploeg and B I Master, ABB Lummus Heat Transfer
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1997 / Q4 |
The conventional shell-and-tube is still the standard type of heat exchanger in the petrochemical and refinery industries. New Shell-side geometries can offer substantial improvements, and the advantages of helical baffles are illustrated in case studies of two successful refinery upgrading projects.
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| Trace-heating optimisation for cost effective operation |
Chet Sandberg and Philippe Reinders Folmer, Raychem Corporation
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1997 / Q4 |
Electrical trace-heating has become the favoured method for temperature range processes, while innovations like self-regulating heating cables and control methods such as proportional ambient sensing control provide a new range of options for the design engineer.
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| Special steel design to prevent H2S related cracking |
V Schwinn and A Streisselberger, Dillinger Huttenwerke AG
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1997 / Q4 |
Hydrogen-induced cracking in steel vessels has become a major concern for refiners, and in this account of a process for producing a steel resistant to attack the need to be specific when ordering new steel plate is emphasised.
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| Practical considerations for crude unit revamps |
Tony Barletta, Process Consulting Services Inc |
1998 / Q4 |
Two examples are used in this article to illustrate how changes in the process flow scheme can increase preheat train heat recovery. While each refinery's crude unit design, operation and equipment constraints differ, a practical approach can be applied to any crude unit revamp.
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| Making the right choice in packaged steam generators |
V Ganapathy, ABCO Industries Inc |
1998 / Q4 |
This article outlines some of the recent developments in design and construction of packaged steam generators, which have the combined advantages of lower operating costs and reduced emissions of pollutants such as NOx and CO.
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| Direct amine heating - a case study |
Joanne Booth, Foster Wheeler Energy Ltd |
1998 / Q4 |
Indirect heating of amine has been the traditional method in order to minimise the risk of overheating. Two amine waste heat reboilers, which heat amine directly, have been supplied to Tunisia by Foster Wheeler. They incorporate a number of features to ensure uniform heating, based on a flow model study.
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| Revamping vacuum heaters |
Ashutosh Garg, Furnace Improvements |
1998 / Q4 |
With crudes becoming heavier, a number of refineries are carrying out deep cut revamps to improve cutpoint. In most cases vacuum heaters can be revamped to handle increased capacity, with the bonus of improved efficiency and longer life.
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| Cracking furnace design by computer application |
Dieter Kaufmann and Dieter Mihailowitsch, Linde AG
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2000 / Q4 |
Examples of how a technique known as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been employed to improve and optimise the design of the cracking furnace. The authors describe simulation used for the radiant and heat recovery sections.
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| distributed distillation with heat integration. |
John A Reid, Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation
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2000 / Q4 |
Increased feed capacity and/or reduced energy cost are often possible in the development or modification of a distillation sequence, using a process with proven heat integration concepts, such as side reboiler or pump-around loop.
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| Divided-wall columns - a novel distillation concept |
Frank ennenbach, Baerbel Kolbe, Uwe Ranke, Krupp Uhde
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2000 / Q4 |
The technology of divided-wall columns using a single distillation tower, described in this article, is claimed to have investment and operating advantages over conventional two-column systems for hydrocarbon fractionation.
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| Improved reactor internals for HGO hydrotreaters |
F Emmett Bingham, Haldor Topsoe Inc Edwin Chan, Tony Mankowski, Peter Hubbard, Syncrude Canada Ltd
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2000 / Q4 |
Reactor internals of a plant's heavy gasoil hydroprocessing units, which became inadequate for the operations they were originally designed for, have been replaced with a system which has significantly improved all-round performance.
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| Optimal cleaning strategies in heat exchanger networks |
Bruce Pretty and Alan Karp, Veritech Inc
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2000 / Q4 |
Deciding the best strategy for cleaning a heat exchanger network can be complex and time-consuming. The authors describe an approach using spreadsheet-based software tools, found to be quick and practical and yielding significant benefits.
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| Compact heat exchangers: design and service |
Lars Warlin and Tobias Svensson, Alfa Laval Thermal
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2000 / Q4 |
Heat exchanger technology has come a long way since the plate heat exchanger made its first appearance over 60 years ago, and the latest compact developments, featuring ease of installation, maintenance and cleaning, are described in detail.
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| Explicit equations for pipe sizing |
B B Gulyani and C P Agarwal, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Roorkee
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2000 / Q4 |
Fluid turbulence, viscosity and the degree of roughness or smoothness of the internal wall of a pipe are all factors influencing the movement of a fluid to its ultimate destination. The authors describe a method for estimating these effects.
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| An interface to make unit operations interoperable |
Bertrand Braunschweig, Didier Paen, Pascal Roux, Philippe Vacher, Institut Francais du Petrole
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2001 / Q4 |
A cooperative effort among a group of major companies within the industry has resulted in a software program that allows users of simulators to employ elements from other suppliers directly in their simulations, without any programming.
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| Improved catalyst stripping from cold flow modelling |
Brian W Hedrick, Jeff P Koebel, Ismail B Cetinkaya, UOP LLC
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2001 / Q4 |
An account of the application of fluidisation theory and mass transfer principles to the study of tray design, which has resulted in the development of stripper internals capable of increasing catalyst handling capacity by as much as 50 per cent.
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| An inferential model for distillation columns |
Y Zak Friedman, Petrocontrol Gwilym T Reedy, Texaco Pembroke
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2001 / Q4 |
An account of the setting up of a group of first principle inferential control models for distillation at a UK refinery, what they were set up to do and why, and how they performed in a closed loop control environment.
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| Avoiding problems with compressor mechanical seals |
Roger E blanton, Tuthill Pneumatics Group
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2001 / Q4 |
Positive displacement, rotary lobe blowers, says the author, are a cost effective solution to problems that can arise in gas compression applications. He presents an in-depth review of the functions and proper handling of this equipment.
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| Better furance performance with new alloy radiant coil |
Keizo Hosoya, Nobuo Shiratori, Kenji Satoh, Katsumi Yamamoto, JGC Corporation
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2001 / Q4 |
By reducing the amount of coke deposition, a new ethylene furnace tube is described by the authors as being capable of extending run lengths under existing operating conditions and doubling the interval times between decokings.
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