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| FCC vapour line coking |
Christopher F Dean, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Scott W Golden, Process Consulting Services Inc, Houston, Texas, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Identifying the causes, penalties and possible solutions to coking in the FCC reactor vapour line, particularly with regard to inlet nozzle coking affecting unit capacity, conversion, reliability, pressure and heat balance.
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| Accurate FCC yield for unit optimisation and revamp |
Robert Campagna and Dennis Kowalczyk, Refining Process Services, Cheswick Pennsylvania, USA
Jeffrey Sexton, Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, Findlay, Ohio, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Measurement of yields and defining key process parameters from reaction mix sampling can be used to tune process models, update LP vectors, audit revamp or catalyst changes and determine optimum process conditions.
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| Crude column revamp using radial temperature profiles. |
Glaucia Alves Da Silva Torres and Silvia Waintraub, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Edward L Hartman, Process Consulting Services Inc, Houston, TX, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Designers need to be aware of all the factors influencing packed bed performance such as feed zone mixing problems. Accurate assessment of temperature variations above and below fractionation zones can pinpoint efficiency problems.
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| Hydrotreater revamps for ULSD fuel. |
R E (Ed) Palmer, Mustang Engineers and Constructors Inc, Houston, Texas, USA
Salvatore P Torrisi, Criterion Catalysts & Technologies
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2003 / Revamps |
Scope and capital investment for revamping an existing diesel hydrotreater to meet the 15wppm sulphur standard. The base design is typical of hydrotreaters commissioned in the early 1990s to meet on-road specifications of 500 wppm sulphur.
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| FCCU gas plant revamp boosts C3 recovery. |
Keith Whitt and Charlie Herron, Shell Global Solutions, Houston, Texas, USA
Jenifer Suffridge, Shell Deer Park Refining Company, Houston, Texas, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
The plant of a large refinery has been revamped using high-capacity trays and other hardware revisions to significantly increase the recovery of C3s and to reduce the C4s content of the FCCU gasoline.
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| Vacuum unit troubleshooting. |
Norman P Lieberman, Process Improvement Engineering, Metairie, Louisiana, USA.
Daryl W Hanson, Process Consulting Services Inc, Houston, Texas, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Case studies show how accurate field-measured differential pressure can be interpreted incorrectly when troubleshooting refinery vacuum columns.
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| Turnarounds and process control. |
Lyman Gilbert, Lyman Gilbert Consulting Inc, Alta Loma, California, USA
Guy Weismantel, Weismantel International, Kingwood, Texas, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Smart sensors with self-diagnostic capabilities, advances in closed-loop process controllers, and instruments that monitor online conditions and anticipate problems can be integrated into a plant's monitoring and control netowrk during a turnaround.
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| Managing vanadium from high metals crude oils. |
Scott W Golden, Process Consulting Services Inc, Houston, Texas, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Improvements in process and equipment design with regard to crude unit and delayed coker distillation column performance can reduce metals content. Vacuum units with a stirpping section and upgraded coker main fractionator wash zones should be considered.
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| Better feed entry ups debutaniser capacity. |
Henry Z Kister, Fluor, Alison Viejo, CA, USA
David E Grich and Ryan Yeley, BP America Inc, Texas City, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Points of transition, where streams enter or leave the tower, are some of the most common and sever tower bottlenecks. Combining hydraulic evaluation with field data and gamma scan analysis is key to identifying and eliminating such bottlenecks.
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| Catalyst circulation in a pressure-balanced FCCU |
David Spires, Farmland Industries Inc, Coffeyville, Kansas, USA
David Hunt, Davison Catalysts, Houston, Texas, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Significant improvements have been made in FCC reactor temperature control at Farmland's Coffeyville refinery. Data interpretation is presented along with points to consider when troubleshooting a pressure-balanced FCCU operation.
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| Crude unit start-ups: the results of a high liquid level. |
N M "Tinus" Erasmus, Sasol, South Africa
Tony Barletta, Process Consulting Services Inc, Houston, Texas, USA |
2003 / Revamps |
Pressure-measurement techniques can avoid the dangers of rapidly changing flow rates and levels during start-up. Also, column internals directly above and below flash zones need to be designed for higher uplift forces.
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