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| Overcoming constraints to maximise FCCU feed rates |
John Black and Jon Petrunia, KBC Advanced Technologies Inc
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2001 / Q4 |
A discussion of the typical restraints encountered in FCC operation and the methods available to alleviate them, specifically through changes in operation or catalyst, or both - the objective being to increase the fresh feed to the FCC unit.
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| Getting the maximum from hydroprocessing reactors |
Justin Swain, Criterion Catalyst & Technology Co Marja Zonnevylle, Shell Global Solutions Int
Dieter Pohl and Franz Geerdes, SRS Salzbergen
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2001 / Q4 |
Recent advances in hydrotreater catalyst formulations mean that, with careful attention to distributor design and other mass transfer improvements, it is possible to effectively overcome reactor volume limitations.
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| Meeting the low sulphur mogas challenge |
Norman H Sweed and Edward S Ellis, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company
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2001 / Q4 |
Aimed at helping refiners to understand the issues in selecting the appropriate technology for meeting new limitations on sulphur in gasoline, this article reviews current and future specifications and offers a range of available options.
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| High capacity distillation revamps |
Daryl Hanson and Edward Hartman, Process Consulting Services Inc
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2001 / Q4 |
A review of fundamental tray design principles used to increase column capacity. It is argued that understanding how high-capacity trays work assists in the selection and design process and can also help in the avoidance of failures.
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| Benzene reduction in naphtha catalytic reforming |
Rafael Larraz, University of La Laguna
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2001 / Q4 |
Refiners in Europe and elsewhere are having to deal with new specifications for gasoline, which are likely to be followed by even tougher regulations in the future, including benzene and aromatics restrictions affecting naphtha reforming.
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| Online gasoline and gasoil blending optimisation |
C Bozzini, C Swart, H van de Kamp, Invensys Process Systems M Sinatra, G Di Battista, G Petrillo, D Longhitano, ERG Petroli SpA
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2001 / Q4 |
Rising crude oil prices and proliferating regulations have persuaded a major European refinery to increase the efficiency of its product blending and offsites operations by replacing analogue controls with a new computerised system.
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| An interface to make unit operations interoperable |
Bertrand Braunschweig, Didier Paen, Pascal Roux, Philippe Vacher, Institut Francais du Petrole
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2001 / Q4 |
A cooperative effort among a group of major companies within the industry has resulted in a software program that allows users of simulators to employ elements from other suppliers directly in their simulations, without any programming.
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| Improved catalyst stripping from cold flow modelling |
Brian W Hedrick, Jeff P Koebel, Ismail B Cetinkaya, UOP LLC
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2001 / Q4 |
An account of the application of fluidisation theory and mass transfer principles to the study of tray design, which has resulted in the development of stripper internals capable of increasing catalyst handling capacity by as much as 50 per cent.
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| An inferential model for distillation columns |
Y Zak Friedman, Petrocontrol Gwilym T Reedy, Texaco Pembroke
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2001 / Q4 |
An account of the setting up of a group of first principle inferential control models for distillation at a UK refinery, what they were set up to do and why, and how they performed in a closed loop control environment.
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| Avoiding problems with compressor mechanical seals |
Roger E blanton, Tuthill Pneumatics Group
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2001 / Q4 |
Positive displacement, rotary lobe blowers, says the author, are a cost effective solution to problems that can arise in gas compression applications. He presents an in-depth review of the functions and proper handling of this equipment.
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| Better furance performance with new alloy radiant coil |
Keizo Hosoya, Nobuo Shiratori, Kenji Satoh, Katsumi Yamamoto, JGC Corporation
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2001 / Q4 |
By reducing the amount of coke deposition, a new ethylene furnace tube is described by the authors as being capable of extending run lengths under existing operating conditions and doubling the interval times between decokings.
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| Catalysed revamp of older ethylbenzene plants |
Sam E Knipling, Partec Resources Inc
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2001 / Q4 |
There are options that operators of older plants should consider for maintaining high yields and quality while still avoiding byproduct generation and the capital cost of a new unit.
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| A cost effective methanol to propylene route |
Hans-dieter Holtmann and Martin Rothaemel, Lurgi Oel Gas Chemie GmbH
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2001 / Q4 |
A detailed review of a proprietary technology that reduces methanol production costs wherever low cost natural gas is available. With rising oil prices, low cost methanol is seen as a profitable feedstock for conventional petrochemical processes.
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| Simulation of furnace run length |
J Towfighi, M Sadramel, A Niaei, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran
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2001 / Q4 |
Decoking means a loss in production capacity, so assessment of coke formation is vital, along with the need to predict a furnace's run time. This article describes a simulation network for the prediction of radical reactions and firebox calculations.
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| Improved predictions for amine sweetening facilities |
Gavin D McIntyre, Vicente N Hernandez-Valencia, Kevin M Lunsford, Bryan Research & Engineering Inc
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2001 / Q4 |
A wide-ranging review of the work that has been done towards avoiding the severe problems that benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and some other hydrocarbons can impose on sulphur recovery assets.
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